Compare and contrast the molecular structures and mechanisms of action of the three major hormones which control the plasma glucose concentration
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Identify three major hormones as insulin, glucagon and glucorticoids / cortisol
• Insulin lowers plasma [glucose] – glucagon & cortisol increase plasma [glucose]
• Insulin & glucagon both peptide hormones – hydrophilic – act via different cell surface
receptors and transmembrane signalling cascades to regulate activity of glycogenolytic,
glycolytic and gluconeogenic plus lipolytic and lipogenic enzymes
• Insulin acts via tyrosine kinase cascade to increase glycogen synthesis / decrease glycogen
breakdown and inhibit hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) / stimulate lipogenesis
• Glucagon exerts rapid effects mediated via increased cAMP and activation of protein
kinase A (PKA) to activate glycogen phosphorylase and HSL
• Cortisol is a steroid hormone – hydrophobic – binds intracellular receptor (liganddependent
transcription factor) to modulate expression of genes encoding enzymes listed
above – upregulates enzymes required for lipolysis and for gluconeogenesis / reverse
glycolysis
• Identify key metabolic enzymes as glycogen phosphorylase, HSL, PEPCK, fructose 1,6-
bisP’ase and glucose-6-P’ase
• How is each metabolic enzyme regulated by insulin, glucagon and cortisol and what is the
net effect on carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism?
IMPORTANT – Additional Submission Instructions
Revised Submission Deadline – 12 Noon on THURSDAY 15 DECEMBER
Word Limit 1,000 words
Please ensure that:
o The essay title appears in quotation marks (to avoid being included in the Turnitin
score for plagiarism)
o If you include any references at the end of your essay, you precede this with the
word References (spelled correctly and not in quotation marks)
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